{"id":102577,"date":"2016-02-02T16:54:17","date_gmt":"2016-02-02T14:54:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?p=102577"},"modified":"2018-02-09T10:55:50","modified_gmt":"2018-02-09T08:55:50","slug":"plutaritul-in-bucovina-date-istorice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?p=102577","title":{"rendered":"Plut\u0103ritul \u00een Bucovina: date istorice"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"znysw6accd02a7fa99\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- MDD - \u00eenceput de articol -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"2844073262\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.znysw6accd02a7fa99 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.znysw6accd02a7fa99 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.znysw6accd02a7fa99 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.znysw6accd02a7fa99 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.znysw6accd02a7fa99 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<p>Se spune c\u0103 pluta (sau nava) este primul vehicul al civiliza\u0163iei deoarece este mai b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103 dec\u00e2t carul. C\u0103ci numai dup\u0103 geniala n\u0103scocire a ro\u0163ii a ap\u0103rut carul, nu-i a\u015fa? Cursurile apelor au fost folosite pentru transportul lemnului de micile comunit\u0103\u0163i din vremuri str\u0103vechi, \u00eens\u0103 primele \u00eencerc\u0103ri de plut\u0103rit pe distan\u0163e mari, f\u0103cute \u00een scop comercial \u00een Bucovina, provincie aflat\u0103 sub st\u0103p\u00e2nire austriac\u0103, s-au efectuat pe r\u00e2urile Bistri\u0163a Aurie, Ceremu\u015f \u015fi pe Siret abia \u00een jurul anilor 1800.<\/p>\n<p>Administra\u0163ia austriac\u0103 prin cei doi guvernatori militari al Bucovinei, generalii Gabriel Spleny von Mihaldy (01.09.1774 \/ 06.04.1778) \u015fi Karl von Enzenberg (03.04.1778 \/ 31.10.1786), demareaz\u0103 un program intensiv de exploatare a resurselor provinciei, dar confrunt\u00e2ndu-se cu problema for\u0163ei de munc\u0103, se va propune aducerea unor coloni\u015fti germani pentru rezolvarea problemei exploat\u0103rii \u201eordonate\u201d a resurselor miniere, a lemnului \u015fi indirect, pe cea a plut\u0103ritului.<\/p>\n<p>Str\u0103muta\u0163i pe aceste locuri tocmai din regiunea Chmelnica sau Zips, o mai mic\u0103 parte din Banat, Boemia, Baden, W\u00fcrtemberg, Hessa, iar restul din Gmunden, alogenii au fost nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 se adapteze din mers \u00een momentul \u00een care activitatea minier\u0103 a intrat \u00een declin, fiind nevoi\u0163i s\u0103 se angajeze la cele c\u00e2teva societ\u0103\u0163i de c\u0103i ferate, de construc\u0163ii, mic\u0103 industrie sau de exploatare forestier\u0103 care func\u0163ionau pe atunci, s\u0103 se ocupe de plut\u0103rit \u015fi cre\u015fterea animalelor, aceste activit\u0103\u0163i devenind cu timpul mult mai profitabile dec\u00e2t agricultura.<\/p>\n<p>Comer\u0163ul cu lemn era o afacere b\u0103noas\u0103, care \u00eenv\u00e2rtea bine ro\u0163ile economiei (\u015fi politicii) bucovinene, d\u0103dea de lucru multora \u2013 dar punea \u00een pericol p\u0103durea, c\u0103ci \u201e\u00een toat\u0103 Bucovina nu existau \u00een anul 1786 dec\u00e2t 2 ferestraie cu p\u00e2nze, care sporir\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1834, la 29 instala\u0163iuni de felul acesta\u201d, \u00een anul 1898 produc\u0163ia anual\u0103 de cherestea a Bucovinei ajunsese la cca. 500.000 mc.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"104012\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?attachment_id=104012\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"950,619\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"plutarit_bucovina\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"619\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-104012\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina-768x500.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A\u015fa apar primele legi \u015fi regulamente legate de exploatarea, comercializarea \u015fi protec\u0163ia acestei resurse: regulamentul silvic din 1782 (Pravila de codru), completat \u00een 1785 \u015fi 1786, patenta imperial\u0103 din 03.12.1852, legea pentru Ducatul Bucovinei, despre regularea \u0219i st\u0103vilirea apelor, din 08.12.1873. Pot fi amintite \u00een acest context \u015fi alte legi, cum ar fi cea din 1884 (privind gestionarea p\u0103durilor comunale), decretul autorit\u0103\u0163ilor Bucovinei din 15.08.1886 (ce se refer\u0103 la dimensiunile \u015fi dot\u0103rile plutelor, calit\u0103\u0163ile cerute pluta\u015filor, locurile \u015fi modul de ancorare\/sta\u0163ionare al plutelor) sau regulamentul din 02.04.1898 elaborat de Administra\u0163ia P\u0103durilor, cu referire special\u0103 la plut\u0103ritul pe Bistri\u0163a.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0103durile Bucovinei la acea vreme (43-48% din totalul de suprafa\u021b\u0103) erau destul de accesibile, dar existau zone bine \u00eemp\u0103durite de unde lemnul nu putea fi scos \u0219i transportat dec\u00e2t pe calea apei, cum erau bazinele superioare ale r\u00e2urilor Ceremu\u015f, Dorna \u0219i cel al Bistri\u021bei. Acestea puteau furniza cantit\u0103\u0163i impresionante de lemn pentru construc\u0163ii navale \u015fi catarge &#8211; \u201edatorit\u0103 cre\u015fterilor extraordinare \u00een lungime \u015fi aspectelor de cilindricitate \u015fi rectitudine\u201d &#8211; produs c\u0103utat de negustorii turci, evrei \u015fi greci pentru export.<\/p>\n<p>Faptul c\u0103 lemnul cel mai bun calitativ putea fi g\u0103sit din bel\u015fug (\u015fi la un pre\u0163 avantajos) \u00een aceste zone mai izolate \u015fi greu accesibile, cu drumuri pu\u0163ine \u015fi proaste sau numai cu poteci grele de munte, a determinat pe cei implica\u0163i \u00een aceast\u0103 activitate s\u0103 concesioneze parcele mari de la Fondul religionar greco-oriental din Bucovina sau Fondul Gr\u0103niceresc (de Montur) N\u0103s\u0103udean, apoi s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 cele mai diverse metode de extragere \u015fi transport primar al lemnului cu ajutorul for\u0163ei de munc\u0103 din zon\u0103, plec\u00e2nd cu el de la exploatarea deschis\u0103 \u00een p\u0103dure p\u00e2n\u0103 la cel mai apropiat curs de ap\u0103 pretabil pentru plut\u0103rit.<\/p>\n<p>Aici lemnul era preg\u0103tit sumar \u0219i depozitat pe mal \u00een vederea usc\u0103rii, o perioad\u0103 de 5-6 luni de la data t\u0103ierii. Dup\u0103 aceea era legat \u00een plute \u0219i pleca pe calea apei p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een cele mai \u00eendep\u0103rtate z\u0103ri. P\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd lemnul ajungea \u00een punctul de plecare \u00een lunga sa c\u0103l\u0103torie, pe platformele de montare amenajate pe malurile apelor, el trebuia t\u0103iat \u00een v\u00e2rf de munte \u015fi adus aici dup\u0103 t\u00e2r\u00e2rea bu\u015ftenilor cu t\u00e2njala, folosindu-se animale de trac\u0163iune (cai sau boi), prin corh\u0103nire (alunecarea liber\u0103 a bu\u015ftenilor acestora pe pantele versan\u0163ilor sub ac\u0163iunea gravita\u0163iei), prin alunecarea lemnului pe jgheaburi executate \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt sau pe drumuri de alunecare (pl\u0103nci, jilipuri, cu\u015fcaie), ceva mai t\u00e2rziu cu ajutorul funicularelor.<\/p>\n<p>Au fost construite mai multe asemenea instala\u0163ii pe valea Repedea, la C\u00eerlibaba, Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti \u015fi Iacobeni, pe Dorni\u015foara \u015fi Te\u015fna sau pe p\u00e2r\u00e2ul Secu din Candreni. La anul 1947 fiind \u00een uz aproximativ 85 km de uluce. Transportul lemnului cu ajutorul apei s-a practicat aici \u00een toate formele lui cunoscute: mai \u00eent\u00e2i prin plutit liber (s\u0103lbatic), plutit dirijat (plut\u0103ritul propriu-zis), ori mai rar &#8211; pe canale cu ap\u0103. C\u0103l\u0103torind pe aceste drumuri f\u0103r\u0103 pulbere, lemnul p\u0103durilor din Bucovina ajuns la Cern\u0103u\u0163i sau pe pie\u0163ele de profil de la Piatra (Neam\u0163), Gala\u0163i, Reni, Chilia ori Haifa sau chiar la Constantinopol. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"104013\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?attachment_id=104013\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"950,610\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"plutarit_bucovina_2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"610\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-104013\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_2-768x493.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Prima referire documentar\u0103 despre plut\u0103ritul liber (s\u0103lbatic) pe Bistri\u0163a Aurie am g\u0103sit-o \u00eentr-un memoriu justificativ c\u0103tre Comanda Regimentului II de Gr\u0103niceri valahi din N\u0103s\u0103ud, emis la anul 1807 \u00een numele lui Anton Manz &#8211; de c\u0103tre inginerul Johan Mehes \u2013 directorul minelor sale de la Iacobeni, prin care se f\u0103cea cunoscut c\u0103 sunt deschise exploat\u0103ri miniere la Rusaia \u015fi la Valea St\u00e2nei, c\u0103 societatea are luat \u00een arend\u0103 muntele Dosul St\u00e2ni\u015foarei (6000 iug\u0103re) \u015fi posed\u0103 p\u0103dure \u00een Rusaia \u015fi Deaca \u015fi se solicit\u0103 o aprobare cu o durat\u0103 de minim 20 ani pentru exploatarea lemnului de acolo, ridicarea unor haituri pentru plut\u0103rit pe aceste p\u00e2raie \u015fi unul pe Bistri\u0163a Aurie &#8211; pentru devierea unei cantit\u0103\u0163i de ap\u0103 spre fabrica lui de la Iacobeni, construc\u0163ia unor st\u0103vilare prev\u0103zute cu greble pentru oprirea lemnelor sosite pe calea apei \u015fi efectuarea de plut\u0103rit pe apa Bistri\u0163ei Aurii.<\/p>\n<p>Societatea pe ac\u021biuni P&#038;C. G\u00f6etz et Compania a practicat \u015fi ea plut\u0103ritul s\u0103lbatic al lemnului ob\u0163inut \u00een bazinul superior al Sucevei \u00eentre anii 1860-1880, p\u00e2n\u0103 la o grebl\u0103 aflat\u0103 \u00een amonte de Falc\u0103u. \u00cen timpul verii era necesar ajutorul unei unde de viitur\u0103, produs\u0103 de un st\u0103vilar construit \u00een valea p\u00e2r\u00e2ului Ascunsul \u00een comun cu Fondul Religios, cel care a \u015fi contribuit cu 24.000 coroane. \u00cencerc\u0103ri similare au fost f\u0103cute de aceea\u015fi societate pe r\u00e2ul Ceremu\u015f, p\u00e2r\u00e2ul Negri\u015foara, Te\u015fna \u015fi pe Dorni\u015foara.<\/p>\n<p>Plut\u0103ritul dirijat (plut\u0103ritul propriu-zis) \u00eencepe la ini\u0163iativa inspectorului Averilor Statului, Franz Schuberth care, \u00een colaborare cu administratorul Bertleff \u015fi cu inginerul silvic din C\u00e2mpulung, Schaller, caut\u0103 o ceat\u0103 de oameni pricepu\u021bi ce vor t\u0103ia \u00een toamna\/iarna lui 1810\/1811 un num\u0103r de 100 de molizi l\u00e2ng\u0103 zona de grani\u021b\u0103 cu Rom\u00e2nia, din care urmau s\u0103 fac\u0103 4-5 table de plute \u015fi o \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tur\u0103 de sc\u00e2nduri debitate la gaterul lui Michael Steier (me\u0219ter dulgher din Eisenau\/Prisaca Dornei). Din p\u0103cate \u00eens\u0103 \u00een luna septembrie 1812, dup\u0103 opt zile de ploaie continu\u0103 s-a format o viitur\u0103 mare care a distrus pluta, a luat la vale o parte din bu\u015fteni \u015fi a compromis \u00eentregul transport, ce costase 993 de florini.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u0219terul Michael Steier, cel desemnat s\u0103 ia parte la primul transport, a fost \u00eencurajat s\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi \u00eencerce \u015fi el norocul &#8211; pe propria r\u0103spundere. Prima sa c\u0103l\u0103torie a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 \u00een anul 1816, cu marf\u0103 \u00een valoare de 500 de florini. Cei 160 bu\u015fteni de molid i-au fost oferi\u0163i la un pre\u0163 preferen\u0163ial (33 florini \u015fi 15 crei\u0163ari &#8211; pre\u0163 la picior), cu condi\u0163ia ca acesta s\u0103 raporteze la \u00eentoarcere Administra\u0163iei asupra modului de decurgere a plut\u0103ritului, precum \u015fi asupra condi\u0163iilor pie\u0163ii de desfacere din Turcia. Datorit\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rzierii formalit\u0103\u0163ilor vamale (timp \u00een care apele crescute brusc \u00een urma unui puhoi &#8211; duc la vale o parte din plute), comercian\u0163ii pierd cea mai favorabil\u0103 perioad\u0103 de plut\u0103rit \u015fi ajung t\u00e2rziu pe pia\u0163a din Gala\u0163i, unde lemnul nu se vinde prea bine \u015fi ei se aleg cu o pagub\u0103 financiar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cel de-al doilea transport, preg\u0103tit dup\u0103 construirea unui gater \u00een aval de Dorna, \u00een localitatea de grani\u0163\u0103 Colbu (pu\u0163in mai sus de v\u0103rsarea p\u00e2r\u00e2ului Colbu \u00een r\u00e2ul Bistri\u021ba), evaluat la 1000 de duca\u0163i, nu a ob\u0163inut aprobarea pentru v\u00e2nzare de la pa\u015fa din Br\u0103ila \u015fi a fost confiscat, \u00een ciuda \u00eencerc\u0103rilor ulterioare de ob\u0163inere a unei desp\u0103gubiri, f\u0103cute \u00een baza unui tratat comercial semnat \u00eentre Austria \u015fi Imperiul Otoman la 1815. Aceast\u0103 pagub\u0103 este \u00eens\u0103 recuperat\u0103 \u00een anul 1819, c\u00e2nd acela\u015fi comerciant reu\u015fe\u015fte s\u0103 aduc\u0103 \u00een Moldova un num\u0103r de 400 bu\u015fteni.<\/p><div class=\"ntaew6accd02a7fac4\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- MDD 2024 - mijloc de articol -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"8739902356\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.ntaew6accd02a7fac4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.ntaew6accd02a7fac4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.ntaew6accd02a7fac4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.ntaew6accd02a7fac4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.ntaew6accd02a7fac4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"104014\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?attachment_id=104014\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"950,594\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"plutarit_bucovina_3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"594\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-104014\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/plutarit_bucovina_3-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Prin anul 1834, \u00ee\u015fi fac apari\u0163ia la Dorna \u00eentreprinz\u0103torii turci Mahomet Iasiczy \u015fi Ianaki Lakerdopolo, fiind interesa\u0163i de achizi\u0163ia unor cantit\u0103\u0163i mari de lemn bun pentru construc\u0163ia unor nave; ei sunt cei care vor reintroduce \u00een zon\u0103 transportul cu pluta, spre Constantinopol, al lemnului necesar construc\u0163iei navelor, fapt ce a revigorat plut\u0103ritul \u00eenceput de turci cu oameni angaja\u0163i din Gura Negri \u015fi Crucea, pe la 1818. Aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 \u015fi promi\u0163\u0103toare posibilitate de c\u00e2\u015ftig, de bun augur pentru via\u0163a economic\u0103 dornean\u0103 nu a durat \u00eens\u0103 mult\u0103 vreme deoarece \u00een anul 1837, dup\u0103 o serie de dificult\u0103\u0163i vamale, va ajunge \u00een faliment.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 mari eforturi depuse de Consulatul Imperial Austriac, de cel francez, englez din Gala\u0163i \u015fi Agen\u0163ia de Comer\u0163 Austriac\u0103 &#8211; \u00een scopul elimin\u0103rii barierelor vamale \u015fi prin str\u0103daniile consilierului cameral Wenzel Schaulawy \u00eencepute \u00een 1841 prin intermediul autorit\u0103\u0163ii Domeniului Public din C\u00eempulung, \u00een vara anului 1842, Michael Steier \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Gottlieb H\u00fcgel \u015fi c\u00e2\u0163iva pluta\u015fi \u00een frunte cu Peter Strochmayer (mandatarul cameral din Dorna) vor reu\u015fi s\u0103 duc\u0103 42 plute p\u00e2n\u0103 la Gala\u0163i.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen anul urm\u0103tor (1843), acela\u015fi Strochmayer \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Steier \u015fi un num\u0103r impresionant de pluta\u015fi vor duce pe Bistri\u0163a \u00eenc\u0103 120 de plute p\u00e2n\u0103 la Gala\u0163i, dar sub protec\u0163ia unui firman care le ap\u0103ra ac\u0163iunea de orice act samavolnic, stabilindu-se \u00een acest mod o serie de rela\u0163ii comerciale cu Moldova \u015fi Constantinopol. Declinul puternic al mineritului de dup\u0103 anul 1840, \u00eei va obliga pe mul\u0163i din zipserii din C\u00e2rlibaba, Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti \u015fi Iacobeni s\u0103 se orienteze spre plut\u0103ritul comercial pe Valea Bistri\u0163ei, ei fiind primii care s-au apucat de aceast\u0103 meserie. <\/p>\n<p>O mare parte din ei aveau ceva experien\u0163\u0103 \u00een acest domeniu \u015fi erau prefera\u0163i la angajare de micii \u00eentreprinz\u0103tori austrieci \u015fi evrei; mai apoi de firma lui P. &#038; C. G\u00f6etz. Lucrul acesta nu prea a convenit (la \u00eenceput) localnicilor, care \u015fi-au v\u0103zut astfel amenin\u0163ate locurile de munc\u0103, a\u015fa c\u0103 ei au \u00eenceput a arunca \u00een zipseri cu pietre &#8211; de pe mal, c\u00e2nd treceau cu plutele . Situa\u0163ia s-a calmat repede c\u0103ci autorit\u0103\u0163ile au luat m\u0103suri de supraveghere pe traseu, cererea de lemn a crescut \u015fi au \u00eenceput a fi angaja\u0163i \u015fi mul\u0163i dintre localnici, iar zipserii, inventivi din fire, au renun\u0163at la hainele nem\u0163e\u015fti \u015fi s-au \u00eembr\u0103cat (la munc\u0103), \u00een straiele rom\u00e2nilor.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 pe r\u00e2ul Bistri\u0163a Aurie se puteau efectua transporturi pe toat\u0103 perioada plut\u0103ritului, la debitul normal &#8211; de la intrarea ei \u00een Bucovina (la C\u00eerlibaba) p\u00e2n\u0103 la confluen\u0163a cu Dorna; pe acest r\u00e2u se putea efectua plut\u0103rit numai \u00een aval Poiana Stampei p\u00e2n\u0103 la un nivel mediu al apelor (nu \u015fi \u00een timpul perioadei de secet\u0103 din iulie-august); \u00een amonte de aceast\u0103 localitate, pe Dorna Mic\u0103 dar \u015fi pe Co\u0219na ori Te\u0219na \u2013 plut\u0103ritul putea fi practicat numai \u00een timpul apelor mari de prim\u0103var\u0103, sau dup\u0103 puhoaiele verii &#8211; fapt ce a impus construc\u0163ia unor haituri (opusturi, st\u0103vilare) &#8211; care urmau s\u0103 stocheze apa acestor p\u00e2raie \u015fi apoi, prin deschiderea lor controlat\u0103, s\u0103 fie provocate unde de viitur\u0103 \u2013 care s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u00een ajutorul celor care efectuau plut\u0103rit pe aceste v\u0103i \u015fi, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, s\u0103 se asigure necesarul de ap\u0103 pentru c\u00e2teva fer\u0103straie hidraulice \u015fi dou\u0103 mori de cereale.<\/p>\n<p>Doi dintre cei mai importan\u0163i exploatatori de p\u0103duri aflate \u00een proprietatea Fondului Religios, societatea Philippe &#038; Charles G\u00f6etz (G\u00f6etz et. Comp.\/filiala din Dorna) \u015fi firma lui Aron Katz, au depus \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anul 1878, proiecte pentru construc\u0163ia unor haituri (klause) pe apele Co\u015fna, Te\u015fna, Izvorul Bancului \u015fi pe Deaca, precum \u015fi pentru concesionarea plut\u0103ritului pe aceste ape, pe Dorna \u015fi Bistri\u0163a Aurie. Din anul 1882, plut\u0103ritul pe Bistri\u0163a a \u00eenceput a fi preluat de c\u0103tre Societatea G\u00f6etz &#038; Comp., care a investit mult \u00een construirea \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inerea fabricilor, amenaj\u00e2nd mai multe schele pentru plute \u015fi depozite de lemne, \u00een modernizarea c\u0103ilor de transport; cu ajutorul Fondului Bisericesc s-au construit sau reconstruit pe fostul amplasament un num\u0103r de 7 haituri mari care serveau numai pentru transportul lemnului din p\u0103durile concesionate c\u0103tre aceast\u0103 societate.<\/p>\n<p>Pe r\u00e2ul Bistri\u0163a Aurie \u015fi pe Dorna, au fost construite sau reconstruite p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1899 un num\u0103r de 8 st\u0103vilare mari pentru crearea undelor de viitur\u0103 necesare plut\u0103ritului, cu o capacitate total\u0103 de stocare de 620.000 mc ap\u0103 . \u00centr-o statistic\u0103 publicat\u0103 \u00een 1885 (Hefte der von der k.k. Statistischen Central Kommission), se arat\u0103 c\u0103 lungimea total\u0103 a c\u0103ilor navigabile \u00een Bucovina era de 345 km, dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103: Prutul &#8211; pe 65,58 km, Ceremu\u015ful Alb &#8211; pe 72,18 km, Suceava &#8211; pe 111,26 km, Bistri\u0163a pe 63,73 km \u015fi Dorna pe 32,44 km.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 datele furnizate de inginerul Josef Opletal, traficul mediu anul de plute pe Bistri\u0163a \u015fi afluen\u0163ii s\u0103i, \u00een perioada anilor 1906-1910, a fost de 227.512 m3 de lemn, din care 97.352 m3 proveneau din p\u0103durile bucovinene, iar 130.160 m3 din p\u0103durile transilv\u0103nene; \u00een aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103, pe Ceremu\u015f \u015fi Prut, s-a \u00eenregistrat un trafic mediu anual de 146.240 m3 lemn, din care 81.032 m3 era reprezentat de plutele formate \u00een Bucovina, iar 64.008 m3 de plutele constituite \u00een afara grani\u0163elor Bucovinei, respectiv \u00een Gali\u0163ia.<\/p>\n<p>Plut\u0103ritul pe Bistri\u0163a a continuat cu \u015fi mai mult\u0103 eficien\u0163\u0103 dup\u0103 1918, mai ales c\u0103 &#8211; prin unirea Bucovinei cu Patria Mam\u0103 &#8211; disp\u0103ruse grani\u0163a dintre acestea. \u00cen anul 1937, cei mai importan\u0163i co-plutitori de pe Bistri\u0163a Aurie au fost, \u00een ordine: Societatea anonim\u0103 pentru exploatarea de p\u0103duri \u015fi fier\u0103straie cu vapor (fost\u0103 P&#038;C G\u00f6etz &#038; Comp.), apoi firmele N&#038;N Klipper din Vatra Domei cu 52.000 mc, Letea Bac\u0103u &#8211; 30.000 mc \u015fi Regia Cooperatist\u0103 Regna din Vatra Dornei cu 15.000 mc.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 anul 1948 transportul lemnului pe r\u00e2urile din bazinul superior al Bistri\u0163ei cap\u0103t\u0103 o dezvoltare mai mare datorit\u0103 exploat\u0103rilor abuzive, impuse de SOVROM pentru plata desp\u0103gubirilor de r\u0103zboi, precum \u015fi a numeroaselor dobor\u00e2turi de v\u00e2nt produse \u00een acea perioad\u0103 \u015fi a invaziei de insecte (Limandria Monaha), deosebit de d\u0103un\u0103toare pentru p\u0103durile de molid. Lemnul era transportat \u00een general pe ap\u0103, c\u0103tre fabricile de prelucrare din Vatra Dornei, Piatra Neam\u0163 ori Bac\u0103u, iar o alt\u0103 parte a sa (\u00een general bu\u015ftenii de brad \u015fi molid cu o grosime mai mare de 75 cm sau lemnul de foioase &#8211; de bun\u0103 calitate, sortat dup\u0103 anumite reguli) se preda la depozitele de bu\u015fteni \u00eenfiin\u0163ate \u00een sta\u0163iile C.F.R. din Iacobeni, Argestru, Vatra Dornei, Dorni\u015foara \u015fi Floreni, unde se \u00eenc\u0103rca \u00een vagoane, fiind trimis la destina\u0163ie (adic\u0103 \u00een fosta U.R.S.S.) pe calea ferat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cursul anului 1946 &#8211; de exemplu, din zona Vatra Dornei a fost expediat pe Bistri\u0163a, sub form\u0103 de plute, 115.957 mc lemn. Din aceast\u0103 cantitate a r\u0103mas pentru prelucrare la fabricile de cherestea din localitate 40.000 mc (34,5%), restul de 75.957 mc (65,5%) fiind trimis \u00een vale. Construirea pe r\u00e2ul Bistri\u0163a, a barajului de la Bicaz (Lacul de acumulare Izvorul Muntelui) conceput dup\u0103 planurile profesorului Dimitrie Leonida, a dus la sistarea plut\u0103ritului \u00een aval de acesta \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anul 1960. Ultima plut\u0103 a trecut peste barajul de la Bicaz la data de 30.06.1960, ora 12.00 \u015fi a fost condus\u0103 de pluta\u015ful Vladimir Bric\u0103jan.<\/p>\n<p>Plutele au circulat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1965 pe r\u00e2ul Dorna iar cele de pe Bistri\u0163a Aurie, care plecau de la C\u00e2rlibaba \u015fi de la Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti au continuat a fi duse numai p\u00e2n\u0103 la Vatra Dornei, la fabrica Bernath Andrei (fost\u0103 G\u00f6etz), unde erau demontate pe vechea schel\u0103, bu\u015ftenii fiind prelucra\u0163i, \u00eenc\u0103rca\u0163i pe vagoane \u015fi expedia\u0163i \u00een tar\u0103 sau la export, func\u0163ie de comenzi. Ultimele plute au fost duse pe Bistri\u0163a Aurie p\u00e2n\u0103 la Vatra Dornei (fabrica de cherestea Bernath Andrei) \u00een luna noiembrie 1969, de c\u0103tre Vasile Ciocan, Viorel Dr\u0103gan, Nicolaie, Gavril \u015fi Dumitru Moldovan, Gavril Cr\u0103ciun, Vasile Morar, Octavian Moro\u015fan \u015fi Octavian Ghersar &#8211; to\u0163i din Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti. Vechii pluta\u015fi s-au dus r\u0103t\u0103cind \u00een umbrele nop\u0163ii, iar urmele lor, s\u0103pate \u00een drum f\u0103r\u0103 pulbere, sunt azi&#8230; n\u0103luci pe ape.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ciuda tuturor greut\u0103\u0163ilor se mai pornesc plute pe Bistri\u0163a, cel pu\u0163in o dat\u0103 pe an \u00een luna august pentru turi\u015ftii veni\u0163i la Festivalul P\u0103str\u0103vului, c\u0103ci plut\u0103ritul a ren\u0103scut de c\u00e2\u0163iva ani \u00eencoace la Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti, de c\u00e2nd o m\u00e2n\u0103 de pluta\u015fi din comun\u0103 au \u00eenceput s\u0103 lege iar c\u00e2teva plute de bu\u015fteni \u015fi ies cu ele pe ap\u0103, cu speran\u0163a c\u0103 aceste eforturi vor fi sprijinite \u015fi de cei care au datoria \u015fi puterea (politic\u0103) s\u0103 o fac\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Plut\u0103ritul \u00een scop turistic \u015fi urma\u015ful s\u0103u mai modern, river-raftingul ar putea aduce \u00een zona noastr\u0103 o sumedenie de amatori, dar mai avem multe de f\u0103cut \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m ceva de la o comunitate unde plut\u0103ritul este promovat \u015fi sprijinit corespunz\u0103tor, adic\u0103 cea din ora\u015ful german Schiltach \/ landul Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, care dore\u015fte s\u0103 se \u00eenfr\u0103\u0163easc\u0103 cu o localitate de aici (Cioc\u0103ne\u015fti sau Vatra Dornei), cu toate c\u0103 noi nu suntem deloc preg\u0103ti\u0163i pentru asta.<\/p>\n<p>Partea a doua a articolului poate fi citit\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?p=120485\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">aici<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"aseab6accd02a7fadf\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- MDD 2024 - final de articol -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9832460043734316\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"2429140290\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.aseab6accd02a7fadf {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.aseab6accd02a7fadf {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.aseab6accd02a7fadf {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.aseab6accd02a7fadf {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.aseab6accd02a7fadf {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Se spune c\u0103 pluta (sau nava) este primul vehicul al civiliza\u0163iei deoarece este mai b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103 dec\u00e2t carul. C\u0103ci numai dup\u0103 geniala n\u0103scocire a ro\u0163ii a ap\u0103rut carul, nu-i a\u015fa? Cursurile apelor au fost folosite pentru transportul lemnului de micile comunit\u0103\u0163i din vremuri str\u0103vechi, \u00eens\u0103 primele \u00eencerc\u0103ri de plut\u0103rit pe distan\u0163e mari, f\u0103cute \u00een scop comercial [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":104012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[16],"tags":[355,19,354,11,231,271],"class_list":["post-102577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultural","tag-bucovina","tag-cultural-2","tag-istoric","tag-monitorul-de-dorna","tag-orion-media","tag-plutarit"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Plut\u0103ritul \u00een Bucovina: date istorice - Monitorul de Dorna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.monitoruldedorna.ro\/?p=102577\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plut\u0103ritul \u00een Bucovina: date istorice - Monitorul de Dorna\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Se spune c\u0103 pluta (sau nava) este primul vehicul al civiliza\u0163iei deoarece este mai b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103 dec\u00e2t carul. C\u0103ci numai dup\u0103 geniala n\u0103scocire a ro\u0163ii a ap\u0103rut carul, nu-i a\u015fa? 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